UNESCO: Worsening land degradation impacts 3.2 billion people worldwide
Author: isi网站管理员-刘成Source: Updated: 2018-04-03

土壤退化加剧影响全球32亿人口


Worsening land degradation caused by human activities is undermining the well-being of two fifths of humanity, driving species extinctions and intensifying climate change. It is also a major contributor to mass human migration and increased conflict, according to the world’s first comprehensive evidence-based assessment of land degradation and restoration. The dangers of land degradation, which cost the equivalent of about 10% of the world’s annual gross product in 2010 through the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, are detailed for policymakers, together with a catalogue of corrective options, in the three-year assessment report by more than 100 leading experts from 45 countries, launched today.


人类活动造成的土壤退化加剧正在损坏全球2/5人口的福祉,加速物种灭绝和气候变化。根据全球第一份关于土壤退化和恢复的综合实证评估,这也是造成大规模人口迁徙和冲突增加的主要原因。326日发布的该评估报告由来自45个国家的100多位顶尖专家合作完成,历时达3年。报告为决策者详细说明了土壤退化造成的损失,并推荐了一系列的应对方案。土壤退化导致的生物多样性降低和生态系统失灵带来的损失相当于2010年全球总产出的10%


Produced by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the report was approved at the 6th session of the IPBES Plenary in Medellín, Colombia. IPBES has 129 State Members and four UN Institutional Partners: UNESCO, UNEP, FAO and UNDP.


该报告由生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)编制,在哥伦比亚Medellí召开的第6IPBES全体会议会议上通过。 IPBES成员包括129个会员国和4个联合国机构伙伴:教科文组织、环境署、粮农组织和开发计划署。


This report demonstrates the challenges we face due to global soil degradation, and the impact to human life if this critical issue is not urgently addressed. It is now essential to translate the report's recommendations into tangible action. To do this, we will need to put biodiversity and people's well-being at the heart of decision making, and foster interaction between all sectors of society. UNESCO will play its role by bringing experience and mobilizing its resources and networks to build these bridges between culture, education, science local and indigenous knowledge” said Audrey Azoulay, UNESCO Director-General


教科文组织总干事奥德蕾·阿祖莱说:“这份报告展示了全球土壤退化给我们带来的挑战,以及如果这一关键问题没有得到紧急处理将对人类生活带来的影响。我们需要将报告的建议转化为切实的行动。要做到这一点,我们需要把生物多样性和人民幸福放在决策的核心位置,促进社会各界的互动。教科文组织将通过提供经验和动员其资源和网络来发挥积极作用,在文化、教育、科学及本土和原住民知识之间搭建桥梁。”


Rapid expansion and unsustainable management of croplands and grazing lands is the most extensive global direct driver of land degradation, causing significant loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services – food security, water purification, the provision of energy and other contributions of nature essential to people. This has reached ‘critical’ levels in many parts of the world, the report says. According to the authors, land degradation manifests in many ways: land abandonment, declining populations of wild species, loss of soil and soil health, rangelands and fresh water, as well as deforestation.


农田和牧场的快速扩张和不可持续的管理是全球土壤退化的最直接动因。土壤退化造成生物多样性降低和生态系统失灵等重大问题,粮食安全、水净化、能源供应和其他对人类至关重要的自然贡献都依赖健康的生态系统。报告称,在世界的许多地区这一状况都达到了“关键”水平。土壤退化表现在诸多方面:土地遗弃、野生物种数量下降、土壤流失和土壤健康受损、牧场和淡水退化,以及森林砍伐。


Through this report, the global community of experts has delivered a frank and urgent warning, with clear options to address dire environmental damage,” said Sir Robert Watson, Chair of IPBES. “Land degradation, biodiversity loss and climate change are three different faces of the same central challenge: the increasingly dangerous impact of our choices on the health of our natural environment. We cannot afford to tackle any one of these three threats in isolation – they each deserve the highest policy priority and must be addressed together.”


“通过这份报告,全球专家发出了坦率而紧急的警告,并提供了明确的选项来应对严重的环境破坏。” IPBES主席Robert Watson爵士说,“土壤退化、生物多样性丧失和气候变化是同一核心挑战的3个不同方面——我们的选择对自然环境健康的影响越来越大。我们无法孤立地处理这3种威胁中的任何一种,在决策上它们都应该得到最高优先权,并且必须一起解决。”


Underlying drivers of land degradation, says the report, are the high-consumption lifestyles in the most developed economies, combined with rising consumption in developing and emerging economies. High and rising per capita consumption, amplified by continued population growth in many parts of the world, can drive unsustainable levels of agricultural expansion, natural resource and mineral extraction, and urbanization – typically leading to greater levels of land degradation.


报告指出,土壤退化的根本驱动因素是最发达经济体的高消费生活方式,加上发展中和新兴经济体消费的增加。由于世界许多地区人口持续增长,人均高消费量的增长可能会推动农业、自然资源和矿物开采以及城市化等以不可持续的水平扩张,而这通常会导致更大程度的土壤退化。


By 2014, more than 1.5 billion hectares of natural ecosystems had been converted to croplands. Less than 25% of the Earth’s land surface has escaped substantial impacts of human activity – and by 2050, the IPBES experts estimate this will have fallen to less than 10%.


截至2014年,超过15亿公顷的自然生态土地被开垦为农田。仅有不到25%的地球表面尚未收到人类活动的实质性影响。IPBES专家估计,到2050年这一比例将下降到不到10%。


Crop and grazing lands now cover more than one third of the Earth´s land surface, with recent clearance of native habitats, including forests, grasslands and wetlands, being concentrated in some of the most species-rich ecosystems on the planet.


如今耕地和牧场占据全球土地的1/3以上。最近被开垦的土地集中在地球上物种最丰富的生态系统中,包括森林、草地和湿地等野生动植物原生栖息地。


Avoidance of further agricultural expansion into native habitats can be achieved through yield increases on the existing farmlands, shifts towards less land degrading diets, such as those with more plant-based foods and less animal protein from unsustainable sources, and reductions in food loss and waste.


农业对野生动植物栖息地的侵占并非不可避免。我们可以增加现有农田的产量,改变导致土壤退化的饮食结构,例如增加植物性食物摄入,减少动物蛋白,以及降低食物损失和浪费。


Given the importance of soil’s carbon absorption and storage functions, the avoidance, reduction and reversal of land degradation could provide more than a third of the most cost-effective greenhouse gas mitigation activities needed by 2030 to keep global warming under the 2°C threshold targeted in the Paris Agreement on climate change, increase food and water security, and contribute to the avoidance of conflict and migration.


考虑到土壤的碳吸收和储存功能的重要性,到2030年,避免、减少和扭转土壤退化可能贡献超过1/3的最具成本效益的温室气体减排,从而实现《巴黎协定》关于将全球变暖控制在2摄氏度之内的目标,进而加强粮食和水安全,并为避免冲突和人类移徙发挥作用。


There are, however, many examples of successful land restoration. For example, well tested practices and techniques are implemented in many Biosphere Reserves (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/), areas that promote solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.


同时,我们也有许多土地恢复的成功案例,例如在众多生物圈保护区实施经过充分测试的做法和技术。生物圈保护区是平衡生物多样性保护和其可持续利用的范例。

 

(Source: UNESCO)

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