Contents of ISWCR (Vol. 5, No.4, 2017)
Author: isi网站管理员-刘成Source: Updated: 2018-01-03

International Soil and Water Conservation Research
Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 253-344 (December 2017)

Cover image International Soil and Water Conservation Research

The Impact of magnetic water treatment on salt distribution in a large unsaturated soil column
Pages 253-257
Vladimir Zlotopolski

Effect of variations in rainfall intensity on slope stability in Singapore
Pages 258-264
Christofer Kristo, Harianto Rahardjo, Alfrendo Satyanaga

An empirical analysis of effective factors on farmers adaptation behavior in water scarcity conditions in rural communities
Pages 265-272
Abdolmotalleb Rezaei, Morteza Salmani, Fatemeh Razaghi, Mojtaba Keshavarz

Factors affecting adoption of soil and water conservation practices: The case of Wereillu Woreda (District), South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Pages 273-279
Daniel Asfaw, Mulugeta Neka

Designing a watershed scorecard as a performance evaluation tool for Ur River watershed, Tikamgarh District, Madhya Pradesh
Pages 280-292
Meeta Gupta, V.C. Goyal, Fawzia Tarannum, Jyoti P. Patil

Spatial mapping and testing the applicability of the curve number method for ungauged catchments in Northern Ethiopia
Pages 293-301
Demlie Gebresellassie Zelelew

Mulching type-induced soil moisture and temperature regimes and water use efficiency of soybean under rain-fed condition in central Japan
Pages 302-308
Mohammad Abdul Kader, Masateru Senge, Mohammad Abdul Mojid, Kimihito Nakamura

Validation and calibration of various reference evapotranspiration alternative methods under the climate conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pages 309-324
Sabrija Čadro, Mirza Uzunović, Jasminka Žurovec, Ognjen Žurovec

Field investigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and organic carbon from a conserved paddy field of North–East India
Pages 325-334
Jayashree Dutta, Sharad Gokhale

Guidelines for integrating ecological and biological engineering technologies for control of severe erosion in mountainous areas – A case study of the Xiaojiang River Basin, China
Pages 335-344
Songtang He, Daojie Wang, Yingchao Fang, Huijuan Lan

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Free full papers and open access are available at ScienceDirect : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/20956339
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The Impact of magnetic water treatment on salt distribution in a large unsaturated soil column
Pages 253-257
Vladimir Zlotopolski
Abstract
The use of saline water for crop production leads to soil salinization. Magnetically-treated water (MTW) has been used for many years and has shown promise in leaching some ions from soil. At the same time, results have been inconsistent and somewhat controversial. In this study, we used large unsaturated columns (diameter 15 cm and length 90 cm) to determine: 1) salt distributions at depths of up to 90 cm after adding magnetically-treated, saline water to soil; 2) whether MTW could reduce the rate of accumulation of salts (measured by EC) in soil, and; 3) whether MTW could increase the leaching effect of soluble salts below root zones compared to control. The soil tested had a lower salt content compared to the water, a real-world scenario often faced when farmers elect to switch from higher-cost municipal water sources to ground water sources that have a higher saline content. Results indicated that the rate of salt accumulation was greater in the control group at the 30–60 cm depth. At the same time, the salt content at the 90 cm depth was greater in the MTW column. The results have shown that MTW changes the distribution of salts between soil layers reducing their content in the upper layers which are more important for agriculture.

Effect of variations in rainfall intensity on slope stability in Singapore
Pages 258-264
Christofer Kristo, Harianto Rahardjo, Alfrendo Satyanaga
Abstract
Numerous scientific evidence has given credence to the true existence and deleterious impacts of climate change. One aspect of climate change is the variations in rainfall patterns, which affect the flux boundary condition across ground surface. A possible disastrous consequence of this change is the occurrence of rainfall-induced slope failures. This paper aims to investigate the variations in rainfall patterns in Singapore and its effect on slope stability. Singapore's historical rainfall data from Seletar and Paya Lebar weather stations for the period of 1985–2009 were obtained and analysed by duration using linear regression. A general increasing trend was observed in both weather stations, with a possible shift to longer duration rainfall events, despite being statistically insignificant according to the Mann-Kendall test. Using the derived trends, projected rainfall intensities in 2050 and 2100 were used in the seepage and slope stability analyses performed on a typical residual soil slope in Singapore. A significant reduction in factor of safety was observed in the next 50 years, with only a marginal decrease in factor of safety in the subsequent 50 years. This indicates a possible detrimental effect of variations in rainfall patterns on slope stability in Singapore, especially in the next 50 years. The statistical analyses on rainfall data from Seletar and Paya Lebar weather stations for the period of 1985–2009 indicated that rainfall intensity tend to increase over the years, with a possible shift to longer duration rainfall events in the future. The stability analyses showed a significant decrease in factor of safety from 2003 to 2050 due to increase in rainfall intensity, suggesting that a climate change might have existed beyond 2009 with possibly detrimental effects to slope stability.

An empirical analysis of effective factors on farmers adaptation behavior in water scarcity conditions in rural communities
Pages 265-272
Abdolmotalleb Rezaei, Morteza Salmani, Fatemeh Razaghi, Mojtaba Keshavarz
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of factors on Farmers Adaptation Behavior in Water Scarcity Conditions in Rural Communities of Sabzevar, Iran. A survey questionnaire was used for collecting data, the study population was 120 farmers in rural Sabzevar County selected based on the Cochran formula. A questionnaire was designed for the target group for the measurement of on farm adaptation behavior in water scarcity conditions. Research models were drawn using structural equation modeling and the relationships between latent variables and indicators. The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between awareness and adaptation behavior. Meanwhile, there is a significant relationship among network and media on farmer's perception about water scarcity and their activities toward better management of water in the critical condition. There are also significant relationships among perception and awareness with intention however, intention do not effect on adaptation behavior strongly. In other words, even the that means farmers had information about crisis, they are not able to have not operational plans to confront the water scarcity conditions.

Factors affecting adoption of soil and water conservation practices: The case of Wereillu Woreda (District), South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Pages 273-279
Daniel Asfaw, Mulugeta Neka
Abstract
In Ethiopia, soil erosion is a severe problem and a major cause of the decline of agricultural productivity. Interventions were taken by introducing soil and water conservation practices. However, the adoption of these practices is far below the expectation. The objective of this study was to examine factors affecting adoption of introduced soil and water conservation practices in Wereillu Woreda. Mixed research methods design was employed in order to conduct this study. Questionnaire, focus group discussion, in-depth interview and field observation were used to collect data. A binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the collected data. The analysis result showed that sex of household heads, education status of household heads, access to extension services and training were positively correlated at significantly level with the adoption of the introduced soil and water conservation practices. On the other hand, the age of household heads, off-farm activity, and distance of farmlands from homesteads influenced the adoption of introduced soil and water conservation practices negatively. The finding depicts that the identified physical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors influence the adoption of soil and water conservation so, the Woreda Rural and Agricultural Development Office and other concerned bodies should consider these influential factors to enhance farmers’ adoption of introduced soil and water conservation practices and to promote agricultural productivity and environmental quality.

Designing a watershed scorecard as a performance evaluation tool for Ur River watershed, Tikamgarh District, Madhya Pradesh
Pages 280-292
Meeta Gupta, V.C. Goyal, Fawzia Tarannum, Jyoti P. Patil
Abstract
The study is an attempt to design a watershed scorecard by identifying and evaluating selected set of indicators, such as surface water quality, ground water quality, soil condition, agriculture condition, and forest condition, which accurately reflect the health of the watershed. Ur River Watershed in Tikamgarh District, Madhya Pradesh was taken as a case study to assess the watershed health. Evaluation was done by calculating different indices for the selected set of indicators and comparing them with the National standards and guidelines. Based on the performance of each indicator, the grades were assigned to the indicators which helped in designing the watershed scorecard. The results revealed that within the watershed, the forest and soil conditions need a considerable plan for improvement in order to maintain the ecosystem whereas the surface water quality, groundwater quality and the agricultural conditions requires protection as well as enhancement in certain areas.

Spatial mapping and testing the applicability of the curve number method for ungauged catchments in Northern Ethiopia
Pages 293-301
Demlie Gebresellassie Zelelew
Abstract
Understanding the spatial variability of land and water resources has significant importance for its planning, management, and utilization. It is also significant in understanding the response behavior of a catchment in order to model the basic physical processes. In this study, a weighted overlay analysis technique using ArcGIS was implemented for developing a geo-database of the standard curve number (SCN) in a catchment around Northern Ethiopia. The spatial data were used to investigate a 'standard curve number method' for the simulation of the direct runoff at the outlet of the catchment. Both spot based rainfall and runoff measuring techniques were adopted for deriving an instant observed flow measurement, and to make a comparison with the simulated flow values. The results showed that the model underestimated most of the simulated values with a coefficient of regression of R2 = 0.52, with a proportion of higher variances between the simulated and observed runoff events. The result suggests that the accuracy of the model leaves room for significant improvement and the method could not be easily adopted in the catchment and other similar catchments in the semi arid regions of Ethiopia. For improving the prediction capacity of the model, further research in adjusting loss factors in the method is recommended. It is also suggested for developing a localized and modified SCN values by considering geologic, climatic and seasonal variation. The results of this study and the maps generated can be used for improving the hydrological understanding of the catchment. The study is useful for further investigation of the SCN methodology in other un-gauged catchments around the world.

Mulching type-induced soil moisture and temperature regimes and water use efficiency of soybean under rain-fed condition in central Japan
Pages 302-308
Mohammad Abdul Kader, Masateru Senge, Mohammad Abdul Mojid, Kimihito Nakamura
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a high water-demand crop and grown under moderate temperature in Japan. To protect the crop from hot summer and to utilize rainfall for its cultivation, selection of appropriate mulching material(s) is crucial. For optimum production of the crop, soil moisture and temperature regimes as well as water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop were investigated under straw, grass, paper, plastic and bare soil (control) mulching under rain-fed condition at Gifu university farm in Japan. The mulching treatments, compared to the control, lowered soil temperature by 2 °C at 5 cm depth and 0.5 °C at 15 and 25 cm depths. The plastic and straw mulching stored the highest quantity of soil moisture at 5 and 15 cm depths; the bare soil stored the lowest quantity. At 25 cm depth, soil-moisture content was the highest under paper mulch but invariable under the other mulches. Plastic mulching reduced evaporation rate from the soil surface and, consequently, the reduced soil-water consumption (SWC) from the root zone augmented WUE of soybean. The paper mulching, by conserving soil-moisture and reducing soil temperature, provided better crop growth attributes, while the plastic mulching improved WUE of green soybean. Therefore, the plastic mulch performed best in reducing soil-water consumption and increasing WUE, while the paper mulch was good for soil-moisture conservation and temperature modification that increased soybean yield.

Validation and calibration of various reference evapotranspiration alternative methods under the climate conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pages 309-324
Sabrija Čadro, Mirza Uzunović, Jasminka Žurovec, Ognjen Žurovec
Abstract
In Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the number of weather stations (WS) that are monitoring all climatic parameters required for FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) equation is limited. In fact, it is of great need and importance to achieve the possibility of calculating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) for every WS in BiH (around 150), regardless of the number of climate parameters which they collect. Solving this problem is possible by using alternative equations that require less climatological data for reliable estimation of daily and monthly ET0. The main objective of this study was to validate and determine, compared to the FAO-PM method, a suitable and reliable alternative ET0 equations that are requiring less input data and have a simple calculation procedure, with a special focus on Thornthwaite and Turc as methods previously often used in BiH. To fulfill this objective, 12 alternative ET0 calculation methods and 21 locally adjusted versions of same equations were validated against FAO-PM ET0 method. Daily climatic data, recorded at sixteen WS, including mean maximum and minimum air temperature (°C), precipitation (mm), minimum and maximum relative humidity (%), wind speed (m s−1) and sunshine hours (h) for the period 1961–2015 (55 years) were collected and averaged over each month. Several types of statistical indicators: the determination coefficient (R2), mean bias error (MBE), the variance of the distribution of differences (sd2), the root mean square difference (RMSD) and the mean absolute error (MAE) were used to assess alternative ET0 equation performance. The results, confirmed by various statistical indicators, shows that the most suitable and reliable alternative equation for monthly ET0 calculation in BiH is the locally adjusted Trajkovic method. Adjusted Hargreaves-Samani method was the second best performing method. The two most frequently used ET0 calculation methods in BiH until now, Thornthwaite and Turc, were ranked low.

Field investigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and organic carbon from a conserved paddy field of North–East India
Pages 325-334
Jayashree Dutta, Sharad Gokhale
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of conserved tills on the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil organic carbon (SOC) from a rain–fed–paddy plot in Assam (North–eastern state of India). Two paddy plots identical in soil properties, developed to cultivate rice (Sali, grown in low–lying areas of Assam), were adjacent to each other to follow a conventional agricultural practice in one and conservation in the other. Two chambers (1 m×0.6 m×0.4 m) were placed in both the plots to collect runoff for analyzing CO2 concentrations. The results of the both practices have been inter–compared. For conservation plot, the SOC was high in the range from 3.17+0.01 kg m−2 to 20.42+0.56 kg m−2 and the CO2 emission was less, i.e. 97.30+7.11 mg m−2 h--1 as compared to 189.65+4.37 mg m−2 h--1 of the conventional plot. Low tillage practiced for the conservation plot facilitated higher porosity (50.11+8.40% to 88.87+3.59%) and greater water retention (47.47+1.15% to 101.37+1.63%) in the soil. The results indicate that more tillage exposed the soil to atmospheric oxygen more, which leads to excess mineralization of organic carbon and emissions of CO2 as in the conventional plot.

Guidelines for integrating ecological and biological engineering technologies for control of severe erosion in mountainous areas – A case study of the Xiaojiang River Basin, China
Pages 335-344
Songtang He, Daojie Wang, Yingchao Fang, Huijuan Lan
Abstract
Ecological environment issues caused by soil erosion have always been the attractive and significant problems all over the world. Under the background of global warming, debris flow, landslide, and other intense gravitational erosion activities have become aggravated, which leads to the decrease of biological diversity, ecosystem stability, resistance, productivity, and the like, which presents new challenges to traditional measures of soil and water conservation. This article, based on research conducted on controlling mountain hazard on the Xiaojiang River basin over the last 30 years, summarizes the managerial achievement of typical ecological engineering technologies and analyzes the principles and application of each type of treatment. The results indicated that established ecological engineering technologies play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of intense gravitational erosion caused by mountain hazard. However, there are still a great deal of limitation of application condition and maneuverability during management process. How to furtherly develop the rational combining pattern between ecological engineering (e.g. contour hedgerow) and geotechnical engineering (e.g. slit dam) and how to strengthen the risk control and improve management strategy will be the key points for preventing intense gravitational erosion in future by ecological engineering.

 

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